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Colonoscopy is the gold standard for detecting colorectal cancer, but it not one of the easiest procedures. The patient must fast for a day and take a strong laxative in ord
The Quandary of Interpreting the Results of Cancer Screening
Colorectal Cancer Screening
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Breast and Prostate Cancer Screening Debated
Cancer Screening in the Elderly
Screening for Colon Cancer
Cervical Cancer Screening
Studies of cancer incidence versus age show that the rate of most cancer diagnoses begins to shoot upwards only in the seventh and eighth decades of life. These facts indicate that most cancers require years jordans sneakers, if not decades, to develop, so cancer is largely a disease of old age. Life expectancy would only be extended a few years if all forms of cancer could miraculously be cured. Cancer screening, therefore jordan shoes, focuses on the individual, and probably will not improve the survival rate of elderly persons.
Cancer screening has many risks, including the stress of receiving a cancer diagnosis, biopsies and other tests, and unnecessary operations and treatments.
Prostate Cancer Screening
A comment of the chief medical officer of the American Cancer Society that the benefits of cancer screening, especially for breast and prostate cancer, have been overstated received widespread media coverage. The basic problem is not that the cancers can be detected, but that there has been very little improvement in overall survival rate between screened and unscreened populations.
The Pap smear is one of the most successful tests for detecting cervical cancer, and should be performed regularly on women beginning at age 21.
Why has Screening for Breast and Prostate Cancers Resulted in Such a Small Improvement in Survival Rate?
Many prostate cancers may have already spread by the time screening takes place, and some breast cancers are so aggressive that they may spread between screenings. All of these cases enter into the statistics for screening effectiveness.
Cancer screening has a clear-cut objective: to detect a deadly cancer while it is still small and can be treated. When small tumors are found, however, it does not necessarily mean that they will grow and metastasize into an untreatable cancer. Many tumors found during screening turn out to be benign upon biopsy. A study reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that many small tumors found in breast and prostate cancer screening turn out to stop growing on their own and even disappear.
Breast Cancer Screening
Mammography has been heavily promoted as a means of early detection of breast cancer, largely based on early studies that showed a 30% reduction in cancer deaths in those women who were screened by mammography. However, a more recent meta-analysis (a statistical analysis performed by combining the results of many studies) showed only a slight reduction in cancer mortality, but accompanied by overdiagnosis and overtreatment of breast cancer.
Prostate cancer can be very successfully treated while the cancer is still confined to the prostate, but once the cancer spreads beyond the prostate, it is deadly. The prostate specific antigen (PSA) test was designed to catch the cancer at this early stage. Prostate cancer tends to be very slow growing cheap nike jordan, so many men die with prostate cancer but not because of prostate cancer. Current consensus is that the screening should be limited to men at high-risk, and men with a life expectancy of less than 10 years should not take the test. Christine Redmond has an excellent review of the prostate cancer screening test.
Cancer Incidence and Age